Alabama is exceptionally rich in natural resources and biodiversity, though it faces historical and modern environmental challenges.
* **Biodiversity**: Alabama ranks 5th in the U.S. for overall biodiversity and 1st for freshwater biodiversity. The state’s rivers and streams contain more species of freshwater fish, snails, turtles, and mussels than any other state. * **Air and Water Quality**: Regulated by the Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM). While air quality has improved significantly since the mid-20th century, legacy industrial pollution (especially in the Birmingham area) and water quality in some watersheds require ongoing management. * **Protected Areas**: Key natural reserves include the Little River Canyon National Preserve, Talladega National Forest, Bankhead National Forest (home to the Sipsey Wilderness), and the expansive Mobile-Tensaw River Delta. * **Sustainability and Conservation**: Efforts are heavily focused on restoring the longleaf pine ecosystem, protecting the Gulf Coast shoreline, and expanding public land trusts, spearheaded by groups like the Nature Conservancy in Alabama and the Alabama Forestry Commission.