Industries

* **Energy (Oil & Gas):** The cornerstone of the Russian economy; dominated by state-backed giants like Gazprom and Rosneft, exporting globally. * **Mining & Metallurgy:** A global leader in producing nickel, palladium, aluminum, gold, and steel, anchored by companies like Norilsk Nickel. * **Defense & Aerospace:** A massive military-industrial complex producing everything from fighter jets (Sukhoi) to commercial space launch services (Roscosmos). * **Agriculture:** One of the world’s top exporters of wheat and grains, utilizing the fertile "black earth" (chernozem) region. * **Nuclear Energy:** Rosatom is a dominant global player in building and servicing nuclear power plants, both domestically and internationally. * **Manufacturing:** Focuses heavily on heavy machinery, automotive (AvtoVAZ), transport equipment, and chemical production. * **Technology & IT:** Home to a distinct domestic tech ecosystem with domestic search engines (Yandex), social networks (VK), and cybersecurity firms.