Moscow is the most populous city in Russia and entirely within Europe, acting as a magnet for internal migration and immigration from neighboring countries.
| Demographic Category | Details | | :--- | :--- | | **Total Population** | ~13.1 million (official city), ~20+ million (metropolitan area) | | **Ethnic Composition** | Russian (~91%), followed by Tatar, Ukrainian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, and others | | **Predominant Religions** | Russian Orthodox Christianity (majority), Islam, Judaism, Buddhism | | **Age Distribution** | Median age is approximately 40 years; large working-age population | | **Primary Language** | Russian |
*(Note: Exact ethnic and demographic data fluctuates due to unregistered migration and the methodology of national censuses).*