### Public Utilities
* **Electricity:** Managed by the **Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA)**. Nepal relies overwhelmingly on hydropower. In recent years, the country has eradicated nationwide load-shedding (rolling blackouts) and is now exporting surplus electricity during the monsoon season to neighboring India. * **Water:** In the capital, water distribution is managed by **Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL)**. The long-awaited Melamchi Water Supply Project has significantly improved water availability in the Kathmandu Valley, though rural areas often rely on community-managed local springs, wells, and river diversions. * **Gas:** Piped natural gas is not available. Households and businesses rely on LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) cylinders for cooking, distributed by various private companies. * **Waste Management:** Municipalities handle solid waste management. The Solid Waste Management Technical Support Center works on policy, though cities like Kathmandu struggle with landfill capacity. Recycling is heavily driven by informal waste pickers (kabaadi walas) and an emerging sector of environmental startups.