Public utilities in the Kathmandu area have seen modernization efforts, though challenges remain due to rapid urbanization and the complexity of servicing ancient, densely populated neighborhoods.
* **Electricity:** Provided by the Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA). While load-shedding (scheduled blackouts) was a major historical issue, it has been virtually eliminated in recent years. * **Water Supply:** Managed by Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL). The Melamchi Water Supply Project is an ongoing mega-project aimed at alleviating chronic water shortages in the valley. * **Waste Management:** Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC) coordinates waste collection. Given the narrow alleys around the monuments, specialized smaller vehicles and manual collection are often required. Private recycling initiatives, like Doko Recyclers, are increasingly popular. * **Telecommunications:** High-speed internet (fiber optic) and 4G/5G mobile networks are widely available through Nepal Telecom (NTC) and Ncell, even within the most historic squares.