The topography of the historical monument zones is characterized by a relatively flat valley floor at an average elevation of 1,400 meters (4,600 feet) above sea level.
However, the sites themselves utilize micro-topographical features. Stupas like Swayambhunath are dramatically perched on conical hilltops overlooking the valley, symbolizing their spiritual elevation. Meanwhile, the ancient Durbar Squares were strategically built on slightly raised ridges within the valley floor to protect them from the historic monsoon flooding of the Bagmati and Bishnumati rivers.