Infrastructure in the historic cores is currently undergoing a period of modernization aimed at preserving aesthetic value while meeting 21st-century needs.
* **Electricity & Telecommunications:** Historically blighted by tangled overhead wires, major monument zones like Kathmandu Durbar Square and Patan are increasingly moving power and telecommunication lines underground. 4G/5G cellular coverage and high-speed broadband are universally available. * **Water & Sanitation:** The city is supplied by the Melamchi Water Supply Project. In the heritage zones, traditional step-wells and stone spouts (Hitis) still exist; some continue to provide groundwater, though many have dried up due to depleted aquifers. * **Waste Management:** Managed by municipal authorities, though the density of the ancient alleyways makes automated trash collection difficult, relying heavily on manual street sweepers.