Public utilities in Tehran are heavily subsidized and managed by state-affiliated regional companies.
* **Electricity:** Managed by the Tehran Regional Electric Company (TREC), a subsidiary of Tavanir. The grid operates on 220V, 50Hz. * **Water:** Overseen by the Tehran Province Water and Wastewater (TPWW) company. Tap water is generally safe to drink and is sourced largely from major dams in the Alborz mountains (Karaj, Latyan, and Lar). * **Gas:** Piped natural gas is ubiquitous, supplied by the National Iranian Gas Company (NIGC), and is the primary source for winter heating and cooking. * **Waste Management:** Handled by the Tehran Municipality Waste Management Organization. While daily collection is common, comprehensive municipal recycling is still developing, often supplemented by informal waste collectors. * **Telecommunications:** Providers like TCI (landlines), Irancell, MCI, and Rightel offer widespread 4G and 4.5G mobile coverage. Note that internet access is subject to national filtering policies.