Agriculture is a cornerstone of the Fars economy, benefiting from the province's diverse climatic zones. It is frequently ranked as the top wheat-producing province in Iran. The central and northern plains are highly fertile, supporting extensive cultivation of grains, corn, and sugar beet.
Horticulture is widely celebrated; the province is famous for its citrus fruits (especially from Jahrom and Darab), dates, figs (Estahban is known for dry figs), pomegranates, and grapes. Historically, the vineyards of Shiraz were world-famous, though today grapes are grown primarily for eating and raisins.
Livestock rearing is integral to the rural economy, traditionally managed by nomadic tribes like the Qashqai and Basseri, who herd sheep and goats across the Zagros slopes, producing high-quality meat, dairy, and wool for carpet weaving. In recent years, severe droughts and the depletion of groundwater have forced a shift toward more modern, water-efficient farming practices and greenhouse cultivation.