Public utilities in Indonesia are primarily managed by state-owned enterprises (BUMN) or regional government-owned companies (BUMD).
* **Electricity:** Managed nationwide by **PLN** (Perusahaan Listrik Negara). The grid is expanding rapidly, though remote islands occasionally rely on localized diesel generators or solar microgrids. * **Water:** Municipal tap water is provided by regional companies known as **PDAM** (Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum). Note that tap water is generally not potable without boiling or filtering; most households rely on bottled water for drinking. * **Gas:** Piped natural gas is available in some urban areas through **PGN** (Perusahaan Gas Negara). However, the vast majority of households use 3kg or 12kg LPG gas cylinders provided by **Pertamina** for cooking. * **Waste Management:** Managed by local municipal sanitation departments (*Dinas Kebersihan*). Indonesia also relies heavily on an informal network of waste pickers (*pemulung*) and a growing grassroots movement of "Waste Banks" (*Bank Sampah*) where citizens exchange sorted recyclables for cash or goods.