Karnataka's history dates back to the Paleolithic era, with evidence of hand-axe cultures found in regions like the Tungabhadra valley. In ancient times, the region was part of the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka, which facilitated the spread of Buddhism and Jainism. Following the Mauryas, a succession of powerful indigenous dynasties ruled the region, including the Satavahanas, Kadambas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, and Hoysalas. These empires left an indelible mark on Indian architecture and literature, particularly with the development of the Kannada language.
In the 14th century, the Vijayanagara Empire rose to prominence, serving as a bulwark against Islamic incursions from the north and fostering a golden age of literature, art, and commerce. Its capital at Hampi remains one of the world's most spectacular archaeological sites. Concurrently and subsequently, Islamic sultanates, notably the Bahmani Sultanate and the Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur, ruled parts of northern Karnataka, leaving behind architectural marvels like the Gol Gumbaz.
The modern era saw the rise of the Wodeyar dynasty of Mysore, and later the fiercely anti-British rulers Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan. After Tipu Sultan's defeat in 1799, the region fell under British suzerainty, though the Wodeyars were restored as puppet monarchs of the Princely State of Mysore. Following India's independence in 1947, the state was acceded to the Indian Union. On November 1, 1956, Kannada-speaking regions from neighboring states were merged to form Mysore State, which was officially renamed Karnataka in 1973.