Public utilities in Victoria operate under a mix of state-owned enterprises and regulated privatized networks.
* **Electricity:** The generation and retail sectors are fully privatized. The distribution network is divided geographically among companies like Powercor, CitiPower, United Energy, Jemena, and AusNet Services. The state is rapidly expanding its renewable energy generation. * **Water:** Metropolitan water is managed by government-owned entities (Melbourne Water for wholesale; Greater Western Water, Yarra Valley Water, and South East Water for retail). Regional Victoria is serviced by regional water corporations (e.g., Barwon Water, Coliban Water, Goulburn Valley Water). * **Gas:** Natural gas distribution is managed by companies such as Australian Gas Networks, Multinet Gas, and AusNet Services, though the Victorian government is actively phasing out gas connections in new home builds to meet climate targets. * **Waste Management:** Handled by local municipal councils. Victoria is standardizing a four-bin waste and recycling system (general rubbish, mixed recycling, food/garden organics, and glass) across all councils by 2030.