Australia is a major agricultural producer and exporter, with over half of the nation's landmass used for farming, despite the harsh climate and poor soil quality in many regions. The sector is highly mechanized, innovative, and operates largely without government subsidies, making it highly competitive internationally. About 70% of Australia's agricultural production is exported.
The country is one of the world's leading producers of wool (largely from Merino sheep) and beef, with massive cattle stations in the north and center of the country covering areas larger than some European nations.
Cropping is dominant in the southern and eastern agricultural zones. Wheat is the most significant crop by volume and value, alongside barley, canola, and cotton. Australia is also celebrated for its viticulture, producing world-renowned wines in regions such as the Barossa Valley (South Australia), Margaret River (Western Australia), and the Hunter Valley (New South Wales). Sustainable water management and climate resilience are the most critical challenges facing the sector today.